Women For Women s Rights - 949 Words

Women for Afghan Women (WAW) are a grassroots, civil society organization. The mission is dedicated to securing and protecting the rights of disenfranchised Afghan women and girls in Afghanistan and New York, particularly their rights to develop their individual potential, to self-determination, and to be represented in all areas of life: political, social, cultural and economic. We advocate for women’s rights and challenge the norms that underpin gender-based violence wherever opportunities arise to influence attitude and bring about change. I, Belqis Hussaini worked as a Case Worker with Family Guidance Center (FGC) department with Women for Afghan Women (WAW) on behalf of US Government in Kabul from January 01, 2007 to June 30, 2014. In these several years, I have worked on hundreds cases that I mediated and followed up those cases, I have faced with many threats at different times and in different ways such as telephonic and pursuers. In January of 2007, I have worked on a case by the name of Mrs. Homa D/O Nooragha that her husband was a member of a party that worked against government that he was a commander of Taliban party. He tortured his wife Mrs. Homa. He ablated her nails; broke her legs and he beat her brutally. She has run away from her husband and has gone to police station. After that, we have covered and confined her in Ibn-Sina Hospital, which this case telecasted by many TV channels as well as Associated Press. Mrs. Homa’s husband had seven brothers thatShow MoreRelatedWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesa myriad of women have expressed through outlets such as public assemblies, literature, and speeches. There have been three waves of the women’s movement, each targeting a variety of issues within each era. The third wave was in 1995, where Hillary Clinton spoke in Beijing, China, claiming that women’s rights were the same as human rights, that every aspiring girl deserved the civil liberties that every man was given around the world. Moreover, the movement had shifted towards women in developingRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1265 Words   |  6 Pagesstands in the way of women being equal to men? Journalist Carlin Flora suggests the following, â€Å"While not all claims to humanity are universal and no one context, culture or continent can truly represent all peoples, the following three examples from very different contexts, cultures and continents show that some violations of women’s human rights are universal. In particular, it is still the case the world over that a woman’s reproductive rights, which impact on her right to life, are still seenRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women881 Words   |  4 PagesTwenty –first century ladies are discovering it a daunting task to keep up both sexual orientation parts as an aftereffect of the women s activist development. They are presently assuming liability for both the s upplier and the nurturer, battling like never before to acquire and keep a superior personal satisfaction. Woman s rights has supported in equivalent vocation opportunity, battling to get ladies acknowledged into the employment advertise, and what initially began as ladies strengtheningRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagesthe early 1920’s, women thought they had achieved the unachievable. They could finally work, keep their earned wages, marry whomever they please, and even vote. After reaching their goal and fighting vigorously, women could taste equality and the freedom they deserved. While women still have the right to work in today’s society, women are not exactly treated equal in the workplace. Regardless of the past and the extreme measures taken to ensure equal opportunities for both men and women, there are manyRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1590 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 1920s, women were ignored in every aspect of their life. From politics, to social situations, women were constantly looked at as lesser. The 20s was a decade of women ready to fight for their rights. From gaining social freedoms, to getting political rights, the 20s was the first decade of feminism. Many women played key roles in the fight for women s rights through speeches, marches, and much more. The women that fought for their rights in the 1920s completely changed how women live their livesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1230 Words   |  5 PagesWomen’s suffrage has stretched from the 1800’s to present day, as women have struggled to have the same civil and constitutional rights as men in politics and be appreciated as equals in the workforce. Groups of women known as suffragists questioned the customary views of women’s roles. Eventually our nation has evolved and realized that male-controlled societies suppress women’s rights. From the beginning steps taken in 1850 to 2013 with women earning combat role s in the military, women’s rolesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1206 Words   |  5 Pagesto speak of women and the role of women in this election, the subject of women is tiresome but necessary in a world where gender is still existent as an obstacle for most. I cannot identify what woman is. I am basing my definition from our modern understanding of woman, our general view, and the popular experience. People are using younger women voting for Bernie Sanders as proof of gender’s irrelevant in this election, that women have achieved their rights. Even if women ‘have rights now’ it doesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1393 Words   |  6 Pages Women all over the world are being treated different than men. Iran is one of the places that women are being treated the worst. From restrictions to punishments, women in Iran are being treated with no respect, and that is not okay. Women’s rights activists have tried to get it to change, and have traveled to many places to try and get more people to join their movement. There are many issues with women not having the same rights as men. One of the main problems is that they are treated lessRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1272 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, women have fought a strenuous battle for equal rights. Many men, and even some women, all over the world believe that women do not share the same value and importance to society as men do. On September 5, 1995, Hillary Clinton spoke at the 4th World Conference on Women, on behalf of women all over the world. Clinton raised awareness on how women s rights are being violated and why it is important to recognize women s rights as equal to everyone else’s rights. Even today, in 2016Read MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe family has traditionally been the basic unit of Chinese society where women have long been charged with upholding society s values in their roles as wives and mothers. Especially in the Qing Dynasty, women were required to balance society s i deals with the reality of raising a family and maintaining a household. Throughout the imperial period and into the beginning of the twentieth century, the relationship among family members was prescribed by Confucian teachings. The revered philosopher

Cultural Differences And Diversity Of The Australian Media

The Australian media plays a prominent role in influencing the way society makes sense of the world and its relations with others through portraying certain dominant discourses of politics, cultures and current affairs. Through this it can have positive and negative effects on cultural differences experienced within multicultural Australia. This essay will discuss the discourses that are prevalent in commercial and non-commercial television about cultural differences and diversity, and how this can either promote or denounce the inclusiveness of communities or allowing alternative voices to be heard. The media narrates contemporary problems or stories in society in a way that can have a significant influence on how its viewers understand†¦show more content†¦When commercial television is discussing and prevailing such dominant discourses about ideas of marriage, terrorism, socio economic statuses, mental health, politics and other cultures, it has the ability to disempower difference through only explaining these issues from one view point of view or a singular representation. This constant widespread negative coverage of minorities or other cultures can misguide Australian attitudes and viewpoints, to further reaffirm certain prejudices or biases by only being exposed to the negative actions of a group (Jacobs Kershen 2011). This Symbolic violence can describe minorities in a way that leaves them voiceless, ignored and condemned through media and the views of larger society (Venzo Hess 2013). When ethnic minorities are shown in a prominent role on commercial televisio n or a news segment, it is usually in relation to crime and disorder or from being a perceived social threat to the Australian culture or way of life (Phillips 2011). Although all broadcasting media need to follow protocols within their policies to avoid representing ethnic and religious communities in ways that are discriminatory within their practice, it is still conducted in a way that disempowers these communities and maintains the prejudices against them (Phillips 2011). An example of this is howShow MoreRelatedEssay on Diversity ANZ Bank1307 Words   |  6 PagesANZ Bank After analysing the ANZ diversity policy, I have identified two key business objectives they are trying to pursue. The first being the ageing population within Australia and the second being an international expansion into Asian economies. Ageing Population: Statistics show that Australia has an increasing population of seniors from the age of 50 and over. It is estimated to increase to 57% of the customer population by 2021, making it a large and therefore important market segmentRead MoreThe Effectiveness Of Australia s Multicultural Policy1498 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican demographics are facing countless trials in successfully integrating into Australian society and this has an impact on the country’s social cohesion. This essay will be supported by an interview with Cooper from Australia, Fang from China, Vo from Vietnam and Ngeno from Kenya. Introduction The 1978 implementation of Australia s multiculturalism policy was founded on the principles of social cohesion. The Australian government (2013) has been critical in supporting the assimilation of migrantsRead MoreRegulating The Digital Communication Nationally1218 Words   |  5 Pagesissues including the portrayal of women, indigenous people and cultural diversity. This forms under the basis of which the media should not promote prejudice and intolerance of these issues. Ultimately, the regulation aims to terminate potentially harmful images from the media, protect adults from spontaneous material that is likely offensive against social values. Minimal requirements are necessary for Australian content on digital media outlets such as television or radio, so as to prohibit overseasRead MoreSocial Inequality And Stereotyping Cultures From Political Power1384 Words   |  6 Pagesthe argument of how the one off multicultural events can be seen as racist, fostering social-inequality and stereotyping cultures from political power. It will also outline how educators with the right strategies and planning can foster valuable cultural experiences and cultivate socio-equality with their students and their school communities. Multicultural education is the term used most frequently in the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom and Canada, with the term intercultural educationRead MoreMulticulturalism and the Benefits of Migration in Australia1678 Words   |  7 PagesAustralian Parliament Joint Standing Committee on Migration Submission No. 3 MULTICULTURALISM AND THE BENEFITS OF MIGRATION IN AUSTRALIA SUBMISSION: Committee Secretary, Joint Standing Committee on Migration House of Representatives, Parliament House, Canberra ACT 2600 NH 28 February, 2011 The beginnings of white migration and multiculturalism in Australia saw our British forefathers arriving in boats on the shores of the â€Å"land down under†. Boat loads of prisoners – reluctant migrantsRead MoreCultural Competency And Health Care1462 Words   |  6 Pages Cultural competency is secure, respectful, reciprocal relationships and partnerships, which respects for diversity and obey expectations and equity. In today’s society, cultural competency is quite important to the worldwide healthcare due to the cultural differences. In Melbourne, Australia, Monash Health is a community service in the local government area (LGA) of Monash. In order to demonstrate the features and importance of cultural competency, details of this community (Monash) are going toRead MoreImproving Awareness Of The Indigenous Peoples And Cultures1478 Words   |  6 Pages Rationale: The lesson sequence targets AITSL Standard 2.4 and affords Indigenous Australian peoples justice by helping to destroy misconceptions about them, their histories and their cultures. Unfortunately, Australian schools have been identified as a major setting of race-based discrimination (Lester, 2000, p.12). However, children and adolescents are at periods of substantial development in cognitive, social and emotional skills when they are at school (Aboud Levy, 2000, p. 270) and schoolsRead MoreSocial Perspectives On Education And The Sociology Of Education1273 Words   |  6 Pageseducation can be conducted only within the framework of social institutions and processes and it is impossible to ignore the constant modifying of various culture patterns that is found, particularly in organized education (the school). Environmental and cultural factor applies as well but education, in turn, reflects its influence back on society and its various patterns of culture. For example, the background of educational sociology, according to Schaper, can be traced to far out as the 18th Century ofRead MoreHow Language Is The Key Element For Teaching Language And Literacy1310 Wor ds   |  6 Pagesopportunities for learning new concepts and new ways for understanding the world. Culture is an integrated pattern of human knowledge, beliefs, moral goals, values, and behaviour. Social-Cultural inclusivity is the crucial element for teaching language and literacy in the classroom. Discussing language as an object; cultural diversity; Vygotsky’s theory; significance of Bilingual children; the effects of social class; significance of multiliteracies in the classroom; awareness of post-structuralism; the importanceRead MoreSocioeconomic Factors Of A Student s Life And Lower Academic Outcomes1711 Words   |  7 Pageslow socioeconomic status is an important issue for teachers to explore to mitigate disadvantage in this segment of the population. This is evident from research that points to a positive correlation with wealth and student achievement. In the Australian context, the positive correlation between student achievement and socioeconomic background is stronger compared to student achievement in other Western countries (Ewing, 2013, p. 78). Families with higher socioeconomic status are better equipped

Contract Law Legally Enforceable

Question: Discuss about the case study Contract Law for Legally Enforceable. Answer: Introduction: The issue in this case is if the promise made by Jane to give her car to Jack is legally enforceable in view of the fact that consideration is not present to support the promise made by Jane. In this way, the present issue deals with the role of consideration under the contract law. The contract law as prescribed that offer, acceptance and consideration are the essential elements that should be present in case of a legally enforceable contract. According to the contract law, a contract is considered as valid and enforceable by the law only if the above mentioned elements are present (Atiyah, 1990). According to the law, each party should provide consideration for the promise that has been received by it under the contract. In the same way, the law provides that past consideration is not a valid consideration (Re McArdle, 1951). Therefore, consideration can be described as anything of value. Due to this reason, it is required that consideration should be something real and illusionary consideration is not valid (Thomas v Thomas, 1842). In this case, Jane had promised to give his car to Jack at the offer was accepted by Jack. But in return, Jack has not made a promise to pay any price for the car or in other words there is no consideration. But in this regard, according to the law of contract, a contract can be legally enforced only if consideration is present to support such a promise. In the present case, Jack has not given any consideration in return of the promise made by Jane to give his Lotus super sports car. Therefore it can be said that Jack does not have an enforceable agreement in this case. The issue in this question is if the elements of a valid contract are present when Jack accepted the offer to purchase the Lotus super sports car from Jane at a price of $25,000. As mentioned above, there are certain elements that should be present in an agreement to make it to legally enforceable contract. These elements include offer, acceptance and consideration. Apart from it, it is also require that the party should have the intention of entering into a legal relationship and in the same way, they should also have the capacity to create a valid contract (Beatson, Burrows and Cartwright, 2010). Therefore when an offer made by one party to the contract is accepted by the other party, in return of a valid consideration, it is said that a legal contract has been created between the parties (White v Bluett, 1853). In the present case, Jane had made an offer to sell his Lotus super sports car for $25,000 to Jack. The market value of the card is also around $25,000. Therefore this offer is accepted by Jack and he agrees to pay $25,000 for the car to Jane. Under these circumstances, it is clear that the essential elements that are necessary for creating legally enforceable contract are present in this case and as a result, Jack has legally enforceable contract. In this case, Jack can enforce the contract against Jane. The issue in this case is related with the adequacy of consideration. Jane had made an offer to sell her Lotus Super 7 sports car at a price of $2500 while in reality; the market price of the car was around $25,000. The offer was accepted by Jack and as a result, an issue arises in this contract is enforceable by Jack. The relevant rule of law related with the adequacy of consideration provides that the validity of contract does not depend on the adequacy of consideration. The only requirement is that considered it should be something of value in the eyes of law (Beale, (ed) 2002). According to the law contract, it is not necessary that the benefit that has been conferred on the other party or the detriment suffered by the promisee in return of the promised should be equal to their responsibility that has been assumed by the promisor. In other words, it can be said that it is not necessary that the consideration should be adequate. As a result, any real consideration, also a small it may be, is sufficient for supporting a promise made by the other party. In Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd (1959), the court reiterated the doctrine of the contract law according to which the consideration is required to be sufficient but it is not necessary that it should also be adequate. In the present case, Jane had offered to sell the car at $2500 while in reality the market price of the car was around $25,000. But by applying the principle that the consideration should be sufficient and it is not necessary that the consideration should be adequate, it can be said that when the offer made by Jane was accepted by Jack, and the enforceable contract has been created between the parties. Therefore in this case, Jack can enforce this promise against Jane. The issue in this case is related with the impossibility of the promise made by the fires according to which they had agreed to pay extra US $3 million to the shipbuilders in case the shipbuilders completed the tanker on time. It was particularly important for the buyer that the bank that should be completed on time as they already had a charter for the tanker. According to the traditional position under the contract law, it has been provided that a promise can be considered as enforceable only if he has been supported by consideration (Atiyah, 2000). This is particularly the case in Stilk v Myrick (1809) where the ship's Master had made a promise to the crew that the wages of the two deserters will be distributed among the rest of the members of the crew who had remained on the ship. However when the crew tried to enforce this promise, it was stated by the court that this promise was not enforceable due to the reason that any consideration has not been provided by the members of the group for the promise made by the captain. The court stated that the members of the crew were already under a contract complete the voyage. Similarly the position adopted by the court in this case also appears to have been applied in the case is related with partial payment in the full satisfaction of the debt. By example in Pinnel's case (1602), the defendant had not provided any consideration return of the promise made by the plaintiff not to sue on the partial payment accepted by it. However, the situation was significantly changed by the decision given Williams v Roffey (1990). In this case, Roffey had entered into a contract with Williams for doing some carpentry work. The parties agreed that the price will be 20,000 for the carpentry work. However, after some time, Williams found themselves in financial difficulties. On the other hand, Roffey were concerned that if the work was not completed on time, they may be held liable under the penalty clause that was present in the main building contract with a third-party. Therefore, they made a promise to pay an extra amount to Williams for every flat that was completed on time. But later on, Roffey decided against paying this extra amount. The plaintiff sued them for the extra money promised by them. It was argued by the defendant that Williams had only done what they were already bound to do under the contract by completing the work on time. However the decision of the court in this case was that the defendant, Roff ey was found by the promise to pay extra money on the completion of the work on time. The court further stated that they require consideration has been provided by Williams in this case As Roffey had achieved a practical benefit in the form of avoiding the penalty and also by avoiding the need for finding a new sub-contractor. In this way, it was stated by the court that the promise for paying the extra amount if the work was completed on time was legally enforceable and as a result, the amount can be legally recovered by the other party. Under these circumstances, a rule of the contract law has been developed according to which the promise of paying extra amount if the work was completed on time was legally enforceable if the party that had made the promise of paying the extra amount was going to attain any advantage or avoid any laws as a result of the completion of the work on time. In the same way, in such a case it is also required that the promise for paying the extra money should not be the result of any economic duress or fraud and therefore in such a case, the benefit that the party making the promise is going to receive as a result of the word being completed on time could act as a good consideration for this promise. When the above-mentioned rules of contract law are applied to the facts of this case, it can be said that in this case also the buyer has made a promise according to which they were going to pay extra amount to the shipbuilder so that the work of making the tanker can be completed on time as the shipbuilder was set to suffer the loss as a result of the devaluation of the US currency by the government. Under these circumstances, the shipbuilder asked for the payment of extra US $3 million otherwise they will stop the work. Under these circumstances, the buyer reluctantly agreed to pay the extra amount. The reason was that the buyer already had the charter for the tanker and therefore it was very important that the tanker was delivered on time. On these grounds, in the present case, it can be said that the promise made by the buyer to pay extra US $3 million to the shipbuilder was legally enforceable if such promise was not made as a result of the economic duress on part of the shipbuilder. As in this case, the buyer was going to achieve an end wanted by the completion of the ship on time, it can be said that the promise of paying the extra amount was legally enforceable. References Atiyah, P.S. 1990, Essays on Contract, Oxford University Press, New York Atiyah, P.S. 2000 An Introduction to the Law of Contract, Clarendon Beale, H., (ed) 2002 Cases, Materials and Text on Contract Law (Hart Beatson, J. Burrows A. and Cartwright, J. 2010 Anson's Law of Contract, 29th edn OUP Chappell v Nestle [1960] AC 87 Pinnel's Case [1602] 5 Co. Rep. 117 Re McArdle (1951) Ch 669 Re Wragg Ltd [1897] 1 Ch 796 Stilk v Myrick [1809] EWHC KB J58 Thomas v Thomas) (1842) 2 QB 85 White v Bluett (1853) 2 WR 75 Williams v Roffey Bros and Nicholls Contractors) Ltd (1990) 1 All ER 512

Nationalism in 20th Century Europe Essay Example

Nationalism in 20th Century Europe Essay Assess to what extent the French revolution was the main factor in the growth of nationalism during the 19th century. Throughout the 19th Century nationalism became an increasingly important ideology. In fact, M. S. Anderson states, â€Å"The most important political fact of the nineteenth century in Europe was the growth of nationalism†. In some cases it took the form of regions seeking independence from the country they were currently part of. In others bigger countries formed out of smaller states with what they saw as a common identity. The common ground between the two was that they felt they belonged with people of the same ancestry to themselves, either in terms of. The days of multi-national empires were drawing to a close. The main catalyst in the nationalist movements across Europe was the French Revolution. In fact, it was during which that the term ‘nation’ was first used, and La Marseillaise, which was written during the period was the first national anthem of any state. It was also after this that state holidays started to be popular. During the Revolution itself, military victories abroad created a sense of national pride that had not been experienced before. France’s Declaration of the Rights of Man, 1789 states, â€Å"The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No body or individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation. † This is firm evidence of the birth of modern Nationalism in the shape of the French Revolution. The fact that a large amount of the population were in the army created a sense of comradeship and a sense that everyone was literally fighting for a common goal. We will write a custom essay sample on Nationalism in 20th Century Europe specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nationalism in 20th Century Europe specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nationalism in 20th Century Europe specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer French armies continued into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland in the last decade of the 18th century, therefore spreading the idea of nationalism to foreign countries which also included Germany and Spain. The Napoleonic era further fed the nationalist flame, but this time it was German and Italian Nationalism. This was due to the French ruling territories that were considered by some to be German or Italian. Napoleon was said to have â€Å"had great influence in shaping the development of French nationalism and arguably did much to stimulate nationalism elsewhere, whether by intention or not†. The second wave of revolutions in 1848 was also a key event in this decade. French Nationalists believed that they should rule themselves instead of having a monarchy. They got their wish, albeit briefly. The monarchy was restored in 1852 by Napoleon III. Another major factor in the rise of Nationalism was a change in how people viewed themselves. Instead of thinking of themselves as being of a political persuasion, they thought of themselves as being of a certain race, religion or ethnicity. The following quote illustrates how it was in Germany, where some were very adamant that it was who they were that being German is plainly and simply in their mind-set and culture. â€Å"Our fatherland is with us, in us. Germany lives in us. We enact it, whether we choose to do so or not, in every country we enter, in every zone. We stand upon it from the very beginning and cannot escape it. The mysterious something that informs the lowest among us precedes any form of government and animates and permeates its forms. † Leopold von Ranke, 1836. This quotation also illustrates quite clearly the opinion that it is this national identity that overrides any government that officially rules a ‘German’. In the case of Germany, it could be argued that the Constitution of the German Confederation was a cause of the rise of nationalism as that is exactly what it was designed to prevent. People felt the need to rebel against this as it was specifically drawn up to scupper their plans for one big Germany. It specified that there were 39 states and municipalities and each of these created their own laws, many of whom also wanted to prevent the spread of liberalism and nationalism. German’ Cultural Nationalists felt that unity was more important than individual rights and that what mattered was the preservation by the State of German identity and culture. Some of the nationalism displayed, however was rational rather than just because of what nationality people felt. ‘Germans’ felt that as a united Germa ny they would get a liberal constitution that would guarantee the rights of the citizens. Other nationalists looked at it from an economic point of view seeing that that unity would remove the trade barriers between states which would allow economic growth and prosperity in Germany. Great emphasis was put on folklore, culture, myth, history and language. Legends were told about the race of the reader in an attempt to exclude other groups. Nationalism became more exclusive and right wing as a result. People got the idea that some races were genuinely superior to others and that they were above other people in the kingdom they currently found themselves in. Anti-sematic publications became more popular than they ever had before. Tying in with that, Nationalism was in a way a rejection of modernity as people were ssentially going back to their roots in order to be part of a nation where people are all the same or similar. It may have started off as being tied in with liberalism, but Nationalism was getting less and less so, and perhaps it became popular because of modernity, as it offered an alternative to that. Another reason why nationalism became a dominant force in Europe is that when ethnic groups got together, they made very strong countries that were Europea n powers and very hard to stop. This meant they were very likely to take over the land they wanted and due to their success spread nationalism spread nationalism further still. Smaller states would take on the larger nations but were no contest to them. In 1829 Greece earned its independence from the Ottoman Empire, and two years later Belgium became a separate entity to Holland. The importance of these two countries gaining independence cannot be underestimated as a confidence booster to other countries wishing to do the same. In 1830, however Poland had taken on Russia for independence and lost so this was a set-back for nationalist ideologists. There can be no doubt that the achievements of Belgium and Greece inspired the later coups of the unification of Italy and Germany in 1861 and 1871 respectively. In Conclusion, I feel that the main reason for nationalism becoming a dominant force by the end of the 19th century was the precedent set in the French Revolution of 1789-1799. The overthrowing of the monarchy there paved the way for more the European Nation State as we know it today. France may not have stayed a republic for long on this particular occasion, but it set the tone for the next hundred years in both France and Europe as a whole.